Если Вы обнаружите ошибку, напишите нам в телеграм @omnichem или на почту e.urvanov@omnichem.ru
Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Engineered Emulsions
Abstract
Emulsions are complex. Dispersing two immiscible phases, thus expanding an interface, requires effort to achieve and the resultant dispersion is thermodynamically unstable, driving the system toward coalescence. Furthermore, physical instabilities, including creaming, arise due to the presence of dispersed droplets of different densities to a continuous phase. Emulsions allow the formulation of oils, can act as vehicles to solubilise both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules, and can be tailored to desirable rheological profiles, including "gel-like" behaviour and shear thinning. The usefulness of emulsions can be further expanded by imparting stimuli-responsive or "smart" behaviours by the inclusion of a stimuli-responsive emulsifier, polymer or surfactant. This enables manipulation like gelation, breaking, or aggregation, by external triggers such as pH, temperature, or salt concentration changes. This platform generates functional materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, oil recovery, and colloid engineering, combining both smart behaviours and intrinsic benefit of emulsions. However, with increased functionality comes greater complexity. This review focuses on the use of stimuli-responsive polymers for the generation of smart emulsions, motivated by the great adaptability of polymers for this application and their efficacy as steric stabilisers. Stimuli-responsive emulsions are described according to the trigger used to provide the reader with an overview of progress in this field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Об интересе к ацетил гексапептиду-8
- "This study evaluates the public interest in acetyl hexapeptide-8 in the United States from 2013 to 2023, as described by search volume on Google, the most-used search engine."
О характеристиках ацетил гексапептиду-8
- "Acetyl hexapeptide-8, also known as Argireline, is a topical, short-acting, synthetic peptide that has recently gained popularity for its antiwrinkle effects."
- "The increasing interest in acetyl hexapeptide-8 may be due to its cost-effectiveness and use as a botulinum neurotoxin alternative."
Об использовании и популярности Argireline
- "The terms “Argireline” and “Botox in a Bottle” both had substantial increases in search volume in 2022."
- "Acetyl hexapeptide-8 is marketed as a low-cost alternative to BoNT treatments for those hesitant or unable to afford injection therapies."
Ацетил гексапептид-8 имитирует важный компонент в процессе высвобождения нейротрансмиттеров и действует аналогично ботулиническому токсину
- "The topical peptide is a synthetic compound mimicking the N-terminus of synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25). This structure allows for inhibition of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) ternary complex assembly and consequently inhibits Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction."
Механизм действия ацетил гексапептид-8 схож с механизмом действия ботулинического токсина типа А, но эффекты кратковременнее и с меньшей нейротоксичностью
- "This mechanism is similar to that of BoNT type A, yielding comparable outcomes that are shorter-acting with milder neurotoxicity."
Доступность
- "Acetyl hexapeptide-8 products appear to cost less than cosmetic BoNT injections, which range from US $300 to US $600 per treatment."
Безопасность и удобство использования
- This agent has emerged as a more accessible alternative to botulinum neurotoxin."
- "The ability to self-apply acetyl hexapeptide-8 products brings down the cost of their usage, as sterile equipment and a medical professional are not required for their application."
Эффективность
- "This structure allows for inhibition of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) ternary complex assembly and consequently inhibits Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction."
- "A large-scale study published in 2013 revealed the efficacy of acetyl hexapeptide-8 in reducing periorbital wrinkles."
Краткосрочность действия
- "This structure allows for inhibition of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) ternary complex assembly and consequently inhibits Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction. This mechanism is similar to that of BoNT type A, yielding comparable outcomes that are shorter-acting with milder neurotoxicity."
Ограниченные данные
- "The topical peptide is a synthetic compound mimicking the N-terminus of synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25)."
- "As of 2020, acetyl hexapeptide-8 was reported as an ingredient in 452 cosmetic products."
- "Though there are limited data on the price ranges of these products, a recently popularized brand of 10% Argireline water-based serum costs US $9.40 for an approximately 4-month supply."
Применение в продуктах и популярность
- "As of 2020, acetyl hexapeptide-8 was reported as an ingredient in 452 cosmetic products"
- "The increasing interest in acetyl hexapeptide-8 may be due to its cost-effectiveness and use as a botulinum neurotoxin alternative"
Доступность и преимущества
- "Affordability, over-the-counter availability, and ease of self-application of the agent suggest its potential to enhance accessibility to cosmetic dermatologic care"
Сравнение с ботоксом
- Despite its recent uptrend in Google searches... 'Argireline' is searched less than the term 'Botox'"
Потенциал для дальнейших исследований
- "The authors recommend additional research assessing the safety profiles of acetyl hexapeptide-8 products as well as their use and interest among various demographics"
- Антиоксидантные свойства: "Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop a phytocosmetic only with natural products containing coffee pulp extract as active pharmaceutical ingredient with antioxidant, antimicrobial and healing activity."
- Антимикробные свойства: "These components are responsible for its biological activities, such as antioxidant6, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial7."
- Заживляющие свойства: "At last, a scratch assay exhibited the formulation promoted cell migration after 24 h, therefore, increased scratch retraction."
- Разработка фитокосметического продукта: "In this way, it was possible to develop a phytocosmetic with the coffee pulp that showed desirable antioxidant, antimicrobial and healing properties."
Натуральность
- "Consumer demand for natural, chemical-free products has grown"
- "Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop a phytocosmetic only with natural products"
Антиоксидантная активность
- "All extracts showed antioxidant activity values greater than 81% at 10 mg/mL concentration"
Заживляющие свойства
- "promoted cell migration after 24 h, therefore, increased scratch retraction"
Антимикробная активность
- "This extract was incorporated into a stable formulation and preferred by 88% of volunteers"
Специфичность действия
- "Sample 8 showed the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC of 3 mg/mL."
- "Sample 2 showed better inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC of 12.5 mg/mL."
Стабильность формулы
- "The formulations stored at 45 ± 2 °C in a climatic chamber, darkened and phase separation occurred on the seventh day."
- "In the other conditions, phase separation was not observed... and formulations kept the color, odor, and appearance stable for 90 days."
Хлорогеновая кислота
- "The highest chlorogenic acid content was found in samples of robusta species"
- "Sample 8 was selected to be incorporated into the emulsion, as it presented the best results among the other extracts, in terms of chlorogenic acid concentration"
Фенольные соединения
- "Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites present in several plants, that produce beneficial activities, such as antioxidant activity"
- "Values found ranged from 8.31 ± 0.50 to 79.53 ± 5.61 mg GAE/g sample for samples in 10 mg/mL concentrations, with extract 8 showing the best result"
Skin-derived precursor conditioned medium alleviated photoaging via early activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway by thrombospondin1: In vitro and in vivo studies
Abstract
Photoaging is one major exogenous factor of skin aging. Efficacy and safety of current anti-photoaging therapies remained to be improved. Our previous studies indicated that skin-derived precursors (SKPs) alleviated photodamage by early activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway via thrombospondin1 (TSP1). However, the research concerning SKP conditioned medium (SKP-CM) has never been reported. In the current study, we aimed to explore the anti-photoaging effects of SKP-CM both in vitro and in vivo, and to elucidate the possible mechanisms. Mouse SKP-CM (mSKP-CM) collection was optimized by a comparative method. The concentration of protein and growth factors in mSKP-CM was detected using BCA protein assay kit and growth factor protein chip. The anti-photoaging effects of mSKP-CM and its regulation of key factors in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway were explored using UVA + UVB photoaged mouse fibroblasts (mFBs) and nude mice dorsal skin. The research revealed that mSKP-CM contained significantly higher-concentration of protein and growth factors than mouse mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (mDMSC-CM). mSKP-CM alleviated mFBs photoaging by restoring cell viability and relieving senescence and death. ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blot results implied the potential mechanisms were associated with the early activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway by TSP1. In vivo experiments demonstrated that compared with the topical intradermal mDMSC-CM injection and retinoic acid cream application, the photodamaged mice dorsal skin intradermally injected with mSKP-CM showed significantly better improvement. Consistent with the in vitro results, both western blot and immunohistochemistry results confirmed that protein expression of TSP1, smad2/3, p-smad2/3, TGF-β1, and collagen I increased, and matrix metalloproteinases decreased. In summary, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that mSKP-CM alleviated photoaging through an early activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway via TSP1. SKP-CM may serve as a novel and promising cell-free therapeutical approach for anti-photoaging treatment and regenerative medicine.